Thèses de Doctorat
Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://recrutement.univ-ghardaia.dz.dz/handle/123456789/73
Browse
13 results
Search Results
Item Evaluation du pouvoir herbicide des extraits aqueux de trois plantes spontanées récoltées au Sahara(Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre. Université de Ghardaïa, 2024-05-09) OTMANI, ReguiaIn the context of valorization of natural resources, by the search for new compounds of plant origin and the evaluation of the allelopathic and bioherbicide activity of the leaf extracts of three spontaneous plants, namely Haloxylon scoparium Pomel, Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss. & Reut. and Euphorbia retusa Forsk. harvested in the north-eastern region of Algerian Sahara on a few weeds related to cereal crops: Bromus rubens L., Phalaris minor Retz., Plantago lagopus L., Ammi visnaga L. (LAM) and Triticum durum Desf. The evaluation of the activity of the plant extracts was made by the method of reflux extraction, which allowed us to determine the extraction yields of the different extracts. The extraction yield is of the order of 20.64% for Haloxylon scoparium, followed by the extract of Euphorbia guyoniana with an extraction yield of 17.80%. While the extract of Euphorbia retusa has the lowest yield with 15.45%. Phytochemical screening of leaf extracts of three species shows a remarkable richness in active substances; including alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, sterols and triterpenes, coumarin, saponosides, free quinone, cyanidin, tannins and reducing compounds are presented in more or less important quantities in all extracts. There is a total absence of reducing compounds in Haloxylon scoparium extract, Alkaloid and coumarin in Euphorbia guyoniana and saponoside in Euphorbia retusa. We also detected the presence of anthocyanin in Euphorbia guyoniana and glycoside in Euphoria retusa. Dosage of total polyphenols and total flavonoids of leaf extracts, shows that the highest levels of polyphenols are found in the extract of Euphorbia guyoniana (2423.80 1.56 mg EAG/100g), while the other plants are less rich in polyphenols, Haloxylon scoparium (588.33 1.87 mg EAG/100g) and Euphorbia retusa (573.8 1.65 mg EAG/100g). Total flavonoids are concentrated mainly in Haloxylon scoparium extract (95.45 1.21 mg EQ/g), and very low in Euphorbia guyoniana extracts (34.88 0.83 mg EQ/100g) and Euphorbia retusa (24.92 0.91 mg EQ/100g). The analysis carried out by LC-MS-MS on plant extracts, allowed us to show the richness of the leaves of these desert species in phenolic compounds and to determine their chemical composition. A wide range of various phenolic compounds have been identified, namely: folic acid, maleic acid, caffeic acid, ascorbic acid and gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, naringenine, myricetin, vanillin, hydroxy-4-coumarin, beta-carotene, BHA and BHT. The evaluation of allelopathic power by two experimental models revealed the bioherbicide capabilities in all extracts. The results obtained are promising, which all extracts significantly inhibit the germination of weed species. However, no extract significantly affected the germination of wheat seeds. The inhibition rates recorded for the different batches of pots treated with plant extracts are relatively lower compared to the results obtained for batches of petri dishes. Germination kinetics and vigor index of weed and cultivated species treated with plant extracts were slower than reported for negative control lots. While according to the calculated values EC50% and EC90%, leaf extracts were found to be more harmful to weed species (Bromus rubens, Phalaris minor, Plantago lagopus, Ammi visnaga) than the cultivated species (Triticum durum). The growth inhibition values of the aerial and root part and the Fisher test results affirm the strong bioherbicide power of the extracts of three plants studied including those of Haloxylon scoparium, where its toxicity at the highest concentration is comparable to that of the herbicide (positive control). On the other hand, the simulator effect at the level of the lots treated by the low concentrations, which is manifested by the elongation or increase of the weight of the aerial and root part compared to the seedlings of the negative control lot.Item Etude de la toxicité des trois plantes spontanées sahariennes de la region de Ghardaia à l'égard d'un modèle de laboratoire Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera; Drosophilidae)(Faculté Science de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre - Université de Ghardaïa, 2023) CHABI, LilaItem Action des huiles lourdes de graines de trois plantes spontanées du Sahara Algérien sur quelques paramètres biologiques du Criquet pèlerin(Faculté Science de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre - Université de Ghardaïa, 2023) AIT AOUDIA, AhmedOur study’s objective is to test the lethal and sub-lethal effects of heavy seed oils from three spontaneous plants from the Algerian Sahara, which are Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) and Cleome arabica L. (Capparidaceae) and Datura stramonium L. ( Solanaceae) against L5 larvae and imagos of Schistocerca gregaria Forsk. (Orthoptera-Acrididae). The treatment technique consists of injecting a dose of pure seed oil into the insect's esophagus using a micropipette. The seed oil doses injected into L5 larvae and imagoes of S. gregaria are 60 µl/individual and 120 µl/individual, respectively. The doses injected into L5 larvae and imagoes of S. gregaria are 60 µl/individual and 120 µl/individual, respectively. Forced buccal injection of heavy vegetable oils in treated L5 larvae and imagoes of S. gregaria showed various toxicological symptoms, i.e. movement disorders, diarrhea, reduction in food intake, weight loss, digestive disorders, retardation and difficulties in molting and in the extreme cases, death. S. gregaria L5 larvae treated with P. harmala seed oil showed a mortality rate of 50% after 12 days. In addition, L5 larvae treated with C. arabica seed oil had a mortality rate of 63.63% after 16 days of treatment. Whereas we obtained with D.stramonium seed oil a mortality rate of 100% after only 7 days of treatment. It seems that the most toxic seed oil on the L5 larvae of S.gregaria is that of D.stramonium followed by the oil of C.arabica and finally that of P.harmala. In addition, imagos of S. gregaria treated with P. harmala and C. arabica seed oils showed mortality rates of 50% and 45.45% respectively after 29 days. Whereas, imagoes treated with D.stramonium seed oil reached 100% mortality rate after 13 days. Similarly, D.stramonium seed oil is also found to be more toxic to S.gregaria imagos than P.harmala and C.arabica seed oils. In addition, it appeared that imagos are more sensitive to the lethal action caused by the seed oil of P.harmala compared to the seed oil of C.arabica. The evaluation of lethal time 50 (TL50), showed that the shortest TL50 are recorded in L5 larvae treated with D.stramonium seed oil, it is 3.54 days in male L5 larvae and 5.97 days in female L5 larvae, followed by male L5 larvae treated with C. arabica seed oil with 7.6 days, then that of male L5 larvae treated with P. harmala with 8.47, then that of female L5 larvae treated with P.harmala and C.arabica seed oil with 9.5 days and 11.09 days respectively. Moreover, in S. gregaria imagos the shortest TL50 are recorded in imagos treated with D. stramonium seed oil, with 5.62 days in males and 5.74 days in females, then that female and male imagos treated with P.harmala seed oil with 22.52 days and 23.48 days respectively. The highest TL50 are recorded in imagos treated with C. arabica seed oil, with 24.54 days in male imagos, and finally that of female imagos with 27.23 days. At the same time, it seems that the lethal action of D.stramonium seed oil is faster compared to the two seed oils of P.harmala and C.arabica in this locust. The deterrent effects of the tested seed oils on the appetite and digestion of this locust are reflected in the weight losses recorded in the L5 larvae and treated imagoes of S. gregaria. S.gregaria L5 larvae treated with P.harmala and C.arabica seed oils show a low weight gain of around 15.64±31.35% and 14.28±38.74% respectively. While, L5 larvae treated with D.stramonium seed oil show a drop in weight of -17.55±36.97%. In addition, a reduction in weight gain was observed in imagos of S. gregaria treated with C. arabica and P. harmala seed oils, which are respectively of the order of 21.28 ± 22.65% and 15.51±31.35%, while the imagos of S. gregaria treated with D. stramonium seed oil recorded a drop in weight gain of the order of -22.44 ± 25.02%. The three heavy vegetable oils tested have toxic effects on L5 larvae and imagos of S. gregaria, the toxic effects vary with the injected seed oil, the treatment dose, the sex and the development stage of the insect.Item Caractérisation et cartographie des propriétés physico-chimiques des sols de la région de Ghardaïa (Cas de la palmeraie de ZELFANA) Algérie.(Faculté Science de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre - Université de Ghardaïa, 2023-02-22) HAMEL, ImaneOasis agrosystems play an important role in the development of arid lands. Water is the limiting factor for the improvement of these areas. However, if development under irrigation contributes to the increase of agricultural production, its extension is accompanied by serious threats to the preservation of the environment, especially the quality of the soil, which is already weakened by extreme climatic conditions. In this topic, the spatial variability of the properties of irrigated soils is a means of knowing the state of the latter. This study aims to determine the spatial variability of organic carbon, salinity, PHWATER, pHKCL, total and active limestone in the soil using a geostatistical approach. The present study was carried out in the region of Zelfana (Ghardaïa) located in the Algerian central Sahara. We opted for a random sampling method, where we carried out 15 profiles. The edaphic study was done on three depths (0-30 cm, 30-60 cm, 60-120 cm). The main results obtained show that the irrigation water coming from the Albian aquifer has a medium to poor quality (C3 S1). The granulometric results show that the study area is characterised by a predominantly sandy to sandy-clay texture. The analytical results show that the soils studied are generally very poor in organic carbon (CO < 1%) in all three levels. The soil is low to very saline, with EC values at 25°C ranging from 0.64 to 3.87 dS/m with an ascending saline profile. The soil is slightly to highly calcareous, with total limestone values ranging from 2.08 to 30.94% 15.62%. The soil is alkaline with a pH ranging from 8.25 to 8.31.The results of the spatial distribution of the studied parameters show a high to very high variation of organic carbon, moderate to very high for limestone, and high to moderate for salinity. On the other hand, the spatial variability of pHWATER and pHKCL is low. The nugget effect is very low for all parameters studied. The results of the cross-validation led to the selection of the most reliable variogram models, namely the circular, spherical, gaussian and exponential, which were used to produce the spatial variability maps by ordinary kriging.Item Utilisation des systèmes d’information géographique (SIG) et de la télédétection dans la gestion des ressources naturelles en milieu saharien: Cas de la région de Ghardaïa(Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre - Université de Ghardaïa, 2021-10-21) OULAD HEDDAR, MeriemThe region of Ghardaïa, located in the northern Algerian Sahara has experienced hazards linked to silting up which have continued to increase in recent years. This problem constitutes an obstacle to the development of the region since it faces a large erg (erg El Anaguer). The MEDALUS model was used in this present work to assess the sensitivity of areas to silting up. The mapping of the sensitivity index was developed following the weighted combination of four major indicators directly linked to the phenomenon studied. The quality indices for each layer of information (climate, soil, vegetation and development) were compiled to subsequently obtain a thematic summary map. The results of the sensitivity map lead us to note that 86.31% of the mapped area are considered to be fragile areas (sensitive to silting up), while 9.30% of the areas are critical (very sensitive to silting up). The so-called potential zones represent only 4.39% of the total area in this present study. Remote sensing has been also employed in this present work using supervised post-classification methods in order to detect changes in land cover classes between the two periods 2000 and 2015 using Landsat satellite images from two different sensors (ETM + and OLI8). The results obtained show an expansion of 166.4% of urban areas, mainly linked to the population explosion, industrial and agricultural activities.Item Étude morpho-analytique du sol de la palmeraie de Zelfana (Sahara central algérien)(Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre - Université de Ghardaïa, 2022-01-19) CHIKHI, FaredjThe sustainability of soils is a major concern because they provide multiple functions such as agricultural production, water filtration and biotope for living organisms. The sustainability of crops in an arid environment requires the study of the components of this environment. Our study is carried out in the region of Zelfana (northern Sahara), 60 km from the wilaya of Ghardaïa, aims at diagnosing and characterizing the modifications of the soil produced by palm tree cultivation. Systematic sampling was carried out and soil data were measured on plots cultivated for 60 years, comparing them to those of an uncultivated area (control). The soil of the control plot is of low A/C type and deep, with a coarse texture with particulate structure, characterized by a very low organic matter content (traces), the soil is moderately to strongly calcareous, alkaline and slightly salty and has a very porous porosity with a low bulk density and low water content. The hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. In the cultivated plot, the soil is morphologically identical, of type A/C and deep with a sandy texture, with a particulate structure, characterized by a very low organic matter rate, the soil is moderately to strongly calcareous, alkaline and little to very salty and presents a strong porosity with an apparent density a little higher than that of control and low water content. The hydraulic conductivity is moderately low. The analytical results showed that the waters belong to two classes: class C3S1, poor quality for irrigation water and C4S2, poor for drainage water.The results of the annual rate of change showed that the agricultural management practiced after 60 years of cultivation has a significant impact on all studied soil parameters, especially the physical properties. These changes are justified by the effect of cropping years and farmers' management (i.e., addition of organic manure and flood irrigation). The sustainability of soils is a major concern because they provide multiple functions such as agricultural production, water filtration and biotope for living organisms. The sustainability of crops in an arid environment requires the study of the components of this environment. Our study is carried out in the region of Zelfana (northern Sahara), 60 km from the wilaya of Ghardaïa, aims at diagnosing and characterizing the modifications of the soil produced by palm tree cultivation. Systematic sampling was carried out and soil data were measured on plots cultivated for 60 years, comparing them to those of an uncultivated area (control). The soil of the control plot is of low A/C type and deep, with a coarse texture with particulate structure, characterized by a very low organic matter content (traces), the soil is moderately to strongly calcareous, alkaline and slightly salty and has a very porous porosity with a low bulk density and low water content. The hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. In the cultivated plot, the soil is morphologically identical, of type A/C and deep with a sandy texture, with a particulate structure, characterized by a very low organic matter rate, the soil is moderately to strongly calcareous, alkaline and little to very salty and presents a strong porosity with an apparent density a little higher than that of control and low water content. The hydraulic conductivity is moderately low. The analytical results showed that the waters belong to two classes: class C3S1, poor quality for irrigation water and C4S2, poor for drainage water.The results of the annual rate of change showed that the agricultural management practiced after 60 years of cultivation has a significant impact on all studied soil parameters, especially the physical properties. These changes are justified by the effect of cropping years and farmers' management (i.e., addition of organic manure and flood irrigation).Item Utilisation des systèmes d’information géographique (SIG) et de la télédétection dans la gestion des ressources naturelles en milieu saharien: Cas de la région de Ghardaïa.(Université de Ghardaïa, 2021-10-27) Meriem, Oulad HeddarLa région de Ghardaïa, située dans le nord Sahara Algérien a connu des aléas liés à l'ensablement qui ne cessent de s'amplifier au cours de ces dernières années. Ce problème constitue une entrave au développement de la région vu qu'elle confronte à un grand erg (erg El Anaguer). Le modèle MEDALUS a été utilisé dans ce présent travail pour évaluer la sensibilité des zones à l'ensablement. La cartographie de l'indice de sensibilité a été élaborée suite à la combinaison pondérée de quatre indicateurs majeurs directement liés au phénomène étudie. Les indices de qualité pour chaque couche d'information (climat, sol, végétation et aménagement) ont été compilés pour obtenir par la suite une carte thématique de synthèse. Les résultats de carte de sensibilité nous amènent à constater que 86,31% de la surface cartographiée sont considérés comme zones fragiles (sensibles à l'ensablement), alors que 9,30% des zones sont critiques (très sensible à l'ensablement). Les zones dites potentielles ne représentent que 4,39% de l'aire totale dans cette présente étude. La télédétection spatiale a été, de même ; employée dans ce présent travail en utilisant les méthodes de post-classification supervisée afin d’apercevoir les changements au niveau des classes d’occupation du sol entre les deux périodes 2000 et 2015 en utilisant des images satellites Landsat provenant de deux capteurs différents (ETM+ et OLI8). Les résultats obtenus montrent une extension de l’ordre de 166,4%, des zones urbaines, liées essentiellement à l’explosion démographique, les activités industrielles et agricoles. The region of Ghardaïa, located in the northern Algerian Sahara has experienced hazards linked to silting up which have continued to increase in recent years. This problem constitutes an obstacle to the development of the region since it faces a large erg (erg El Anaguer). The MEDALUS model was used in this present work to assess the sensitivity of areas to silting up. The mapping of the sensitivity index was developed following the weighted combination of four major indicators directly linked to the phenomenon studied. The quality indices for each layer of information (climate, soil, vegetation and development) were compiled to subsequently obtain a thematic summary map. The results of the sensitivity map lead us to note that 86.31% of the mapped area are considered to be fragile areas (sensitive to silting up), while 9.30% of the areas are critical (very sensitive to silting up). The so-called potential zones represent only 4.39% of the total area in this present study. Remote sensing has been also employed in this present work using supervised post-classification methods in order to detect changes in land cover classes between the two periods 2000 and 2015 using Landsat satellite images from two different sensors (ETM + and OLI8). The results obtained show an expansion of 166.4% of urban areas, mainly linked to the population explosion, industrial and agricultural activities. شهدت منطقة غرداية ، الواقعة في شمال الصحراء الجزائرية ، مخاطر مرتبطة بغزو الرمال والتي استمرت في الازدياد في السنوات الأخيرة. وتشكل هذه المشكلة عقبة أمام تطور المنطقة باعتبار أنها بمحاذاة عرق كبير (عرق الأناقور). تم استخدام نموذج MEDALUS في هذا العمل الحالي لتقييم حساسية المناطق لزحف الرمال.حيث تم تطوير خريطة مؤشر الحساسية بعد توليفة مرجحة من أربعة مؤشرات رئيسية مرتبطة ارتباطًا مباشرًا بالظاهرة المدروسة. و التي من خلاله تم تجميع مؤشرات الجودة لكل طبقة من المعلومات (المناخ والتربة والغطاء النباتي والتنمية) للحصول لاحقًا على خريطة موضوعية شاملة. تقودنا نتائج خريطة الحساسية إلى ملاحظة أن 86.31٪ من مساحة الخريطة تعتبر مناطق هشة (حساسة)، في حين أن نسبة 9.30٪ من المناطق حرجة (حساسة جدًا). خلصت الدراسة أيضا إلى أن المناطق الغير المتأثرة بزحف الرمال لا تمثل إلا 4.39٪ من المساحة الإجمالية في هذه الدراسة. تم أيضًا استخدام الاستشعار عن بعد في هذا العمل باستخدام طرق التصنيف اللاحق الخاضعة للإشراف من أجل الكشف عن التغيرات في فئات الغطاء الأرضي بين الفترتين 2000 و 2015 باستخدام صور القمر الصناعي لاندسات من جهازي استشعار مختلفين (+ETM و OLI8).أظهرت النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها توسعًا بنسبة 166.4٪ في المناطق الحضرية ، و الذي يرتبط بشكل أساسي بالانفجار السكاني وتزايد الأنشطة الصناعية والزراعية في منطقة غرداية .Item Valorisation des différents déchets de palmeraie par voie de compostage dans un milieu aride (Cas de la région de Ghardaia)(Université de Ghardaïa, 2022) LAOUAR, Fatihaالملخص التخمر الهوائي هو عملية بيولوجية هوائية تحلل وتثمن المواد العضوية إلى منتج مستقر وصحي. يهدف العمل إلى متابعة تطور بعض المعايير الفيزيائية والفيزيو كيميائية و تركيز العناصرالغذائية الرئيسية,بالإضافة إلى تقدير درجة نضج أربعة أنواع من السماد المحضر من مخاليط مختلفة من المخلفات ذات الأصل النباتي (مخلفات النخيل ، مخلفاتالزيتون والقمح) وروث الدواجن. الخلائط المنتجة هي:م1 40٪مخلفات نخيل(م ن)40 + ٪روث دواجن(رد)+20٪خليط مخلفات (القمح + مخلفات شجرة زيتون ) (خ م) ;م2 50 : ٪مخلفات نخيل(م ن)50 + ٪روث دواجن(رد)؛م350: ٪مخلفات نخيل(م ن)+50٪خليط مخلفات (القمح + مخلفات شجرة زيتون )(خ م)؛م450: ٪روث الدواجن(رد) +50٪خليط مخلفات (القمح + مخلفات شجرة زيتون ) (خ م). تظهر النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها بعد سبعة أشهر من الاختبار اختلافًا بين المخاليط الأربعة أثناء التجربة. تم تسجيل أعلى درجة حرارة بواسطةم4في بداية الفترة التجريبية مع درجة حرارة قصوى تبلغ 55 درجة مئوية. يخضع محتوىالمادة العضويةوالكربون /أزوتلتخفيضات كبيرة أثناء التجربة، خاصةً بالنسبة للمعالجات التي تحتوي على روث الدواجن. في المقابل، سجل محتوى العناصر الغذائية الرئيسية النيتروجين والفوسفور والبوتاسيوم زيادات لجميع المعالجات في نهاية الاختبار. يكشف اختبار السمية النباتية للسماد العضوي الذي تم إجراؤه على الخس والفجل والفول أن التأثير على الإنبات والنمو الخضري لهذه الأنواع النباتية يعتمد على السماد المستخدم والأنواع المزروعة. في الواقع، لم يتم العثور على أي آثار سامة على الفجل والفول، مع معدلات إنبات تتجاوز (85٪) لجميع المعالجات الأربعة. ومع ذلك ، توجد بعض التأثيرات المثبطة لإنباتالخس على مستوى المعالج(رد + خ م).بشكل عام، أظهرت النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها أن السماد الذي تم الحصول عليه يتوافق مع خصائص منتج ذي قيمة زراعية جيدة ومستقرة وصحية ومناسب لضمان الزراعة المستدامة في المناطق القاحلة. Résumé Le compostage est unprocédé biologique aérobie de dégradation et de valorisation de matière organique en un produit stabilisé et hygiénique. Le présent travail à pour but de suivre l'évolution de quelques paramètres physiques, physico-chimiques, teneurs en éléments nutritifs majeurs, ainsi que l’appréciation du degré de maturité de quatre types de compost préparés à partir de différents mélanges de résidus d'origine végétale (résidus de palmier dattier, résidus d’olivier et de la paille) et de fumier de volailles. Les mélanges réalisés sont: T1 :40% résidus de palmier dattier (PD) + 40% de fiente de volailles (FV) + 20% mélange de résidus (pailles de blé + résidus d’olivier) (ME); T2 : 50% résidus de palmier dattier (PD) + 50% de fiente de volailles (FV) ; T3 : 50% résidus de palmier dattier (PD) + 50% mélange de résidus (Pailles de blé + résidus d’olivier) (ME) ; T4 : 50% fiente de volailles (FV) + 50% mélange de résidus (Pailles de blé + résidus d’olivier) (ME). Les résultats obtenus au bout de sept mois de l’essai montrent une différence de comportement entre les quatre mélanges au cours de l’essai. La température la plus élevée a été enregistrée par le T4 au début de la période expérimentale avec une température maximale de 55 C°.La teneur en MO et le rapport C/N subissent des réductions significatives au cours de l’essai, notamment pour les traitements qui contiennent la fiente de volailles. En revanche, la teneur en éléments nutritifs majeurs azote, phosphore et en potassium enregistrent des augmentations pour l’ensemble des traitements à la fin de l’essai.Le test de phytotoxicité des composts préparés mené sur la culture de laitue, radis et fève révèle que l’impact sur la germination et la croissance végétative de ces espèces végétales dépend à la fois du compost utilisé et de l’espèce cultivée. En fait, aucun effet toxique n’a été mis en évidence sur le radis et la fève, avec des taux de germination dépassant (85%) pour les quatre traitements. Toutefois, un certain effet inhibiteur de la germination a été signalé chez la laitue au niveau du traitement (FV+ME). Dans l’ensemble, les résultats obtenus montrent que les composts obtenus répondent aux caractéristiques d’un produit possédant une bonne valeur agronomique, stable, hygiénique et apte à assurer une agriculture durable dans les régions arides. Abstract Composting is an aerobic biological process of degradation and valorization of organic matter in a stabilized and hygienic product. The present work aims at following the evolution of some physical, physicochemical parameters,contents of major nutrients as well as the appreciation of the degree of maturity of four types of compost prepared from different mixtures of residues of vegetable origin (waste of date palm, waste of olive tree and the straw) and poultry manure. The mixtures made are: T1: 40% date palm waste (DP) + 40% poultry manure (PM) + 20% waste mixture (wheat straw + olive tree residues) (MI);T2: 50% date palm waste (DP) + 50% poultry manure (PM);T3: 50% date palm waste (DP) + 50% mixed waste (wheat straw + olive residue) (MI);T4: 50% poultry manure (PM) + 50% mixed waste (wheat straw + olive residue) (MI). The results obtained after seven months of the trial show a difference in behavior between the four mixtures during the trial. The highest temperature was recorded by T4 at the beginning of the experimental period with a maximum temperature of 55 C°. OM content and C/N ratio undergo significant reductions over the course of the trial, especially for treatments containing poultry droppings. On the other hand, the content of major nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium showed increases for all treatments at the end of the trial. The phytotoxicity test of the prepared composts conducted on lettuce, radish and bean revealed that the impact on germination and vegetative growth of these plant species depends on both the compost used and the species grown. In fact, no toxic effect was found on radish and bean, with germination rates exceeding (85%) for all four treatments. However, some inhibition of germination was reported in lettuce at the (PM+MI) treatment. Overall, the results obtained show that the composts obtained meets the characteristics of a product with good agronomic value, stable, hygienic and suitable for sustainable agriculture in arid regions.Item Biodiversité variétale du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L) dans la région de Ouargla : Cas des cultivars secondaires(جامعة غرداية, 2022) DEROUICHE Rima, BAZZINERésumé : Notre étude a pour objectif l’identification, la caractérisation et la valorisation des cultivars secondaires de la région de Ouargla. Elle est basée sur des enquêtes sur terrain avec les agriculteurs, ainsi que des analyses physico-chimiques des sols et d'eaux d’irrigation des exploitations étudiées. Des mesures morpho-métriques, physico-chimiques et biochimiques sont effectuées sur les dattes échantillonnées, afin de proposer des possibilités de valorisation. Cette étude a permis de recenser 120 cultivars, dont 74 cultivars sont identifiés ; mais seul 65 cultivars ont été échantillonnés. Les résultats d'analyse des facteurs eau, sol et pratiques culturales montrent que ces facteurs n’ont pas une très grande influence sur la diversité. Les résultats d’examens morphologiques révèlent l’existence des différences entre les cultivars, particulièrement de point de vue couleur et consistance. La couleur mielleuse, la forme sub-cylindrique et la consistance molle sont les plus dominantes. Les dimensions des dattes varient entre 2,64 cm à 5,54 cm de longueur et 1,53 cm à 2,93 cm de largeur. Le poids de 10 fruits oscille entre 30 g à 141,72 g. Les analyses physico-chimiques et biochimiques des pulpes de dattes des cultivars étudiés montrent des pH peu acides, des teneurs en eau comprises entre 13,3% et 43,3% et des teneurs en sucres totaux comprises entre 58,8% et 87,18%. La richesse des dattes de ces cultivars en eau et en sucres leur offre des possibilités de valorisation par la production des produits de forte valeur ajoutée dont la pâte de dattes, farine de dattes, alcool, vinaigre…etc. الملخص : تهدف دراستنا إلى التعرف على الأصناف الثانوية في منطقة ورقلة وتوصيفها و تثمينها. و هي تستند إلى استبيانات ميدانية مع المزارعين، من أجل تعداد و تحديد الأصناف، بالإضافة إلى التحليلات الفيزيائية و الكيميائية للتربة ومياه الري للمزارع المدروسة. تم إجراء قياسات مورفو-مترية و فيزيوكيميائية وكيميائية للأصناف التي تم أخذ عينات منها، من أجل اقتراح إمكانيات تثمينها. مكنت الدراسة من احصاء 120 صنفًا، تم تحديد 74 صنفًا منها ، ولكن تم أخذ عينات فقط من 65 صنفًا. تظهر نتائج تحليل عوامل المياه والتربة والممارسات الزراعية أن هذه العوامل ليس لها تأثير كبير على التنوع. كشفت نتائج الفحوصات المورفولوجية عن وجود اختلافات بين الأصناف، خاصة من حيث اللون و القوام. اللون العسلي ، الشكل شبه الأسطواني القوام الرطب هي السائدة. تتراوح أبعاد التمور ما بين 2.64 سم إلى 5.54 سم في الطول و 1.53 سم إلى 2.93 سم في العرض. يتراوح وزن 10 ثمرات ما بين 30 غ إلى 141.72 غ. أظهرت التحليلات الفيزيائية والكيميائية الحيوية لتمور الأصناف المدروسة أن الأس الهيدروجيني لها قليل الحموضة ومحتوى الماء يتراوح بين 13.3٪ و 43.3٪ و محتوى السكريات الكلية بين 58.8 % و % 87.18. إن غنى تمور هذه الأصناف بالماء والسكريات يتيح لها إمكانية التثمين من خلال إنتاج منتجات ذات قيمة مضافة عالية مثل معجون التمر ودقيق التمر والكحول والخل وما إلى ذلك. Abstract : Our study aims to identify, characterize and valorization secondary cultivars in the Ouargla region. It is based on field surveys with farmers, as well as physico-chemicals analyzes of the soils and irrigation water of the farms studied. Morpho-metric, physico-chemical and biochemical measurements are carried out on the sampled dates, in order to propose possibilities of valuation. This study made it possible to identify 120 cultivars, of which 74 cultivars are identified ; but only 65 cultivars were sampled. The results of analysis of the water, soil and cultural practices factors show that these factors do not have a great influence on the diversity. The results of morphological examinations reveal the existence of differences between cultivars, particularly in terms of color and consistency. The honeyed color, sub-cylindrical shape and soft consistency are the most dominant. The dimensions of dates vary between 2.64 cm to 5.54 cm in length and 1.53cm to 2.93cm in width. The weight of 10 fruits varies between 30 g to 141.72 g. The physicochemical and biochemical analyzes of the date pulps of the cultivars studied show low acid pH, water contents between 13.3% and 43.3% and total sugars contents between 58.8 % and 87, 18%. The richness of the dates of these cultivars in water and in sugars offers them possibilities of valorization by the production of products of high added value such as date paste, date flour, alcohol, vinegar,… etc.Item Évaluation du pouvoir biocide des huiles de graines de Citrullus colocynthis Schard. (Cucurbitatceae), Pergularia tomentosa L. (Asclepiadaceae) et Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae) récoltées dans la région de Ghardaïa(جامعة غرداية, 2020) Amel, HerouiniL’étude réalisée porte sur l’évaluation du pouvoir insecticide des huiles de graines de Citrullus colocynthis Schard. (Cucrubitaceae), Pergularia temntosa L. (Asclepiadaceae) et Datura stramonium vis-à-vis des imagos de Tribolium castaneum. Le travail réalisé a permis de mettre en exergue le potentiel insecticide des huiles de graines de trois plantes récoltées dans la région de Ghardaïa (Sahara Algérien) sur les imagos de T. castaneum. L’application par contact direct des huiles de graines de C. colocynthis engendre une mortalité avoisinant le 100% durant un laps de temps court (2 heures), et il est de 100% même pour les doses faibles après 22 heures d’exposition. Cependant pour les imagos traités par l’huile de graines de P. temntosa et D. stramonium, n’atteignent un taux de mortalité de 100% qu’après une durée d’exposition de 24 heures et 48 heures respectivement. L’estimation des doses létales 50 de l’huile de graines de trois plantes testées affirme le fort pouvoir insecticide des huiles de graines de C. colocynthis comparativement aux huiles de graines de D. stramonium et P. tomentosa ; les doses létales 50 rapportées étant de 0,001mL/mL, 0,05mL/mL et 0,03mL/mL respectivement après 18 heures d’exposition. Dans l’étude de la toxicité par ingestion, l’ingestion de la semoule traitée par les huiles végétales testées engendre des taux de mortalité notables qui atteignant au bout de 15 jours, un taux de mortalité de 100% et 95% noté chez les lots traités par l’huile de graines de C. colocynthis, et P. tomentosa respectivement ; bien qu’il est de 86,67% pour l’huile de graines de D. stramonium. Par ailleurs, l’estimation des doses létales 50 et 90 montres le fort pouvoir insecticide de ces préparations, les doses létales 50 rapportées pour l’huile de graines de trois plantes soit C. colocynthis, P. tomentosa et D. stramonium sont de l’ordre de 0,078 mL/mL, 0,46 mL/mL, 0,91 mL/mL respectivement.En outre, l’évaluation des temps létaux 50 (TL50) montre que l’huile de graines de C. colocynthis, présente une rapidité d’action particulière vis-à-vis des imagos de T. castaneum surtout aux fortes concentrations vis-à-vis des imagos de T. castaneum. Généralement, les huiles de graines de trois plantes testées présentent un fort pouvoir biocide sur les imagos de T. castaneum aussi bien par contact que par ingestion.